Programming Languages
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
The program is nothing but a piece of code that performs one task. In modern times every possible human office activity is performed by a computer program.
To write these programs we need not be a developer, everyone who is interested in programming can learn any programming language and they can be on starboard.
Programming languages are meant for writing programs but these programs are specific to develop scientific, Web, Distributed applications.
In the real world, we have several programming languages that are used for several purposes.
There exist several programming languages with their own specific purpose and contains a unique set of keywords and syntax that are used to create instructions. The programming language varies in the level of abstraction and classified into two categories:
1. Low-level language
2. High-level language
Low-Level Language
Low-level languages provide abstraction from the hardware and are represented in the binary form i.e. 0 or 1 which are the machine instructions. Low-level languages are further classified as machine-level language & assembly level language.
| Parameters | Machine Level Language | Assembly Level Language |
| Hierarchy Level | It is at the lowest level in the hierarchy and has zero abstraction level from the hardware. | It is above the machine level language in the hierarchy and so has less abstraction level from the hardware. |
| Learning Curve | It is hard to understand by Humans. | It is easy to learn and maintain. |
| Written as | It is written in binary that is 0 or 1. | It is written in simple English and is easy to understand. |
| Generation | It is a first-generation programming language. | It is a second-generation programming language. |
| A requirement for Translator/Assembler | The machine code is executed directly so no translator is required. | It requires an assembler to convert assembly language to machine code. |
Procedural Programming
This programming paradigm, derived from structured programming specifies a series of well-structured procedures and steps to compose a program.
It provides a set of commands by segregating the program into variables, functions, statements & conditional operators. Various Programming editors or IDEs help users develop programming code using one or more programming languages. Some of them are BASIC, C, Java, PASCAL, FORTRAN are examples of Procedural Programming Language.
Functional Programming
A functional programming language is a declarative programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. The language emphasizes expressions and declarations than the execution of statements. The foundation of functional programming is lambda calculus which uses conditional expressions and recursion to perform the calculations. It does not support iteration like loop statements & conditional statements like if-else. Some of the most prominent functional programming languages are Haskell, SML, Scala, F#, ML, Scheme, and More.
Object-Oriented Programming
This programming paradigm is based on the “objects” i.e. it contains data in the form of fields and the code in the form of procedures. OOPs, offer many features like abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance, classes, and Objects. Encapsulation is the main principle as it ensures secure code. It also emphasizes code reusability with the concept of inheritance and polymorphism allows the spreading of current implementations without changing much of the code. Most multi-paradigm languages are OOPs languages such as Java, C++, C#, Python, Javascript, and more.
Scripting Programming
All scripting languages are programming languages that do not require a compilation step and are rather interpreted. The instructions are written for a run time environment. The languages are majorly used in web applications, System administration, games applications, and multimedia. It is used to create plugins and extensions for existing applications. Some of the popular scripting languages are:
- Server Side Scripting Languages: Javascript, PHP, and PERL.
- Client-Side Scripting Languages: Javascript, AJAX, Jquery
- System Administration: Shell, PERL, Python
- Linux Interface: BASH
- Web Development: Ruby
Logic Programming
The programming paradigm is largely based on formal logic. The language does not tell the machine how to do something but employs restrictions on what it must consider doing. PROLOG, ASAP(Answer Set programming), and Datalog are major logic programming languages, rules are written in the form of classes.
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